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EN 1991-4:2026/prA1 Public enquiry

Comment end date 2026-09-24

Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-4 (1) This document provides rules for calculating actions for the structural design of silos and tanks. NOTE 1 Silos are used for the storage of particulate solids. Tanks are used for the storage of liquids. NOTE 2 For limitations on rules for silos given in this document, see 1.3. NOTE 3 For limitations on rules for tanks given in this document, see 1.4. (2) This document includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored particulate solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials) but substantially affected by them. NOTE Liquid loads on tanks are very precisely defined. Many loads on silos are not known with great precision. This document provides guidance for many practical situations for which very limited certain knowledge is available, and the information is derived from the limited experimental and analytical information available, coupled with conclusions drawn from failure investigations. The information is not based on a sound statistical treatment of experimental data. (3) This document is intended for use with concrete, steel, aluminium, timber and FRP storage structures. NOTE FRP is the standard acronym for fibre reinforced polymer materials. (4) This document is also applicable for the structural assessment of existing silos and tanks, unless otherwise specified by the relevant authority or, if not specified, agreed between the relevant parties for the specific project. NOTE 1 Changes in filling or discharge arrangements, changes in the wall friction of inner surfaces, or in the use of the silo, including storage of different particulate solids, can be reasons for assessing existing silos. NOTE 2 Differentiation of the liquid stored can be a reason for assessing existing tanks. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply. (2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990 1, with the other parts of EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999 where relevant to the design of silos and tanks. 1.3 Limitations on silos 1.3.1 Geometrical limitations (1) The following geometrical limitations apply to the design rules for silos and silo batteries (see 3.2.59 and 3.2.60) covered by this document: - the silo planform cross-section shapes are limited to those shown in Figure 1.1c. NOTE 1 Further information concerning planform cross-section geometries is given in Clause 7. NOTE 2 For the determination of the effective diameter dc of the silo see Figure 1.1c; - the following dimensional limitations on the aspect ratio for free-standing single cell silos hc/dc, the overall height hb and the effective diameter dc apply (see Figure 1.1): hc/dc < 10 (1.1) hb < 100 m (1.2) dc < 60 m (1.3) NOTE 3 See Figure 1.1 for hc, dc and hb. - the structural transition lies in a single horizontal plane (see Figure 1.1a). [Figure 1.1 - Silo forms showing dimensions and pressure notation] (2) Only hoppers that are conical (i.e. axisymmetric), rectangular pyramidal with a/b ≤ 1,5, wedge-shaped (i.e. with two vertical end walls on opposite sides) or oblique are covered by this document. Other hopper shapes and hoppers with internal structures require special considerations. (3) Silos with an oblique conical hopper used to achieve an eccentric outlet are covered by this document. (4) Silos with an oblique hopper are covered, but generally silos with a systematically non-symmetric geometry are not specifically covered by this document. These situations include a chisel hopper (i.e. a wedge hopper beneath a circular cylinder) and hoppers with an elongated outlet other than wedge shaped. 1.3.2 Limitations on the stored particulate solids (1) The following limitations on the stored particulate solids apply to the design rules for silos contained in this document: ...

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EN 1991-1-8:2026/prA1 Public enquiry

Comment end date 2026-09-24

Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-8: Actions from waves and currents on coastal structures

1.1 Scope of EN 1991 1 8 (1) EN 1991 1 8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone, i.e. works connected to, or in close vicinity to the shore. NOTE 1 Provisions in EN 1991 1 8 are limited to hydrodynamic actions that can be directly quantified in terms of wave and/or current induced pressures and associated forces and moments on structures or structural parts. NOTE 2 As opposed to offshore conditions, waves or currents in the coastal zone are generally affected by the presence of the seabed or shore. NOTE 3 The coastal zone is typically defined as the area between the shoreline and the deep-water limit. (2) EN 1991 1 8 describes the principles for defining the hydrodynamic conditions to be used for design, including sea water levels. (3) EN 1991 1 8 addresses specifically actions from currents and waves on the following structure types: — cylindrical structures; — subsea pipelines; — suspended decks; — vertical face structures; — permanently moored floating structures. NOTE 1 Additional guidance can be needed for: — moored structures in the coastal zone for renewable energy production or related to oil and gas production or processing; — moored structures spanning areas with variable wave and current states (e.g. floating aquaculture farms or floating bridges). NOTE 2 For hydraulic pressures caused by quasi-static water levels, and ground water, see EN 1997 (all parts). (4) Actions addressed in EN 1991 1 8 do not cover: — hydraulic resonance in sheltered areas or basins (phenomena also known as harbour resonance); — translation waves, e.g. tsunamis; — waves and currents induced by maritime operations, i.e. vessel wake, berthing and mooring; — hydrodynamic actions induced by earthquakes; — ice-induced pressures and forces; — coastal structures where flood risk and/or erosion or sediment management is the dominant function. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions given in EN 1990 apply to this document. (2) In addition, it is assumed that actions from waves and currents on coastal structures are determined by personnel appropriately qualified and experienced in the following fields: a) physical coastal environment including physics of waves and currents, statistical properties and propagation of such; b) marine hydrodynamics, wave and current interaction with structures in general and wave and current actions on structures in the coastal zone including i) fixed structures, and ii) floating structures; c) advanced methods including probabilistic methodology and physical model testing.

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EN 1991-3:2026/prA1 Public enquiry

Comment end date 2026-09-24

Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machines

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-3 (1) EN 1991-3 defines actions imposed by cranes and other machines including dynamic effects, if relevant, for the structural design of crane or machine supporting structures. (2) EN 1991-3 provides guidance on crane classification in terms of dynamic factors and fatigue actions. (3) EN 1991-3 applies to supporting structures of — bridge cranes, gantry cranes and wall cranes travelling on fixed runways; — fixed machines that cause a harmonic dynamic loading on fixed supporting structures. (4) The principles provided in EN 1991-3 can be applied also to determine actions on supporting structures of cranes other than those referred to in (3). (5) EN 1991-3 does not provide partial factors for actions. NOTE For partial factors for actions, see EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, Clause A.5. (6) EN 1991-3 does not provide actions or provisions for the design of cranes and machines. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The general assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply. (2) The design of structures supporting cranes or machines is undertaken using information on actions provided by the manufacturer of the crane or machine.

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EN 1991-1-6:2026/prA1 Public enquiry

Comment end date 2026-09-24

Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-6: Actions during execution

1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-6 (1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage. NOTE Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution. (2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards. NOTE Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution. (3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990. NOTE For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply. (2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently. (3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment. (4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account. (5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties. NOTE Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.

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EN 1998-4:2025/prA1 New

Comment end date 2026-08-13

Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 4: Silos, tanks, pipelines, towers, masts and chimneys

EN 1998-4 is applicable to the seismic design of on-ground and elevated silos, on-ground, elevated and underground tanks, above-ground and buried pipeline systems, towers, masts and chimneys and ancillary elements attached to the aforementioned structures or in industrial facilities.

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EN 1998-3:2025/prA1 New

Comment end date 2026-08-13

Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings and bridges

1.1 Scope of EN 1998-3 (1) This document is applicable to the assessment and retrofitting of buildings and bridges in seismic regions, namely as given in a) to c): a) to provide criteria for the assessment of the seismic performance of existing individual buildings and bridges; b) to describe the procedure to be followed in selecting necessary corrective measures; c) to set forth criteria for the design of retrofitting measures (i.e. design, structural analysis including intervention measures, final dimensioning of structural parts and their connections to existing structural members). NOTE 1 For the purposes of this document, retrofitting covers both the seismic upgrading (e.g. strengthening or adding a passive system) of undamaged structures and the repair and possible upgrading of earthquake-damaged structures. NOTE 2 Only the most common retrofit techniques are covered in this document. This does not exclude the use of other techniques, which can be developed in each country, based on the strengthening principles of this document. NOTE 3 Annex D gives flowcharts for the application of this document. (2) Unless specifically stated, EN 1998-1-1 and EN 1998-5 apply. (3) Reflecting the performance requirements of EN 1998-1-1:2024, 4.1, this document covers the seismic assessment and retrofitting of buildings and bridges made of the more commonly used structural materials: concrete, steel and composite, timber and masonry. NOTE Annexes B and C contain additional guidance related to the assessment of timber and masonry structures, respectively, and to their retrofitting when necessary. (4) This document is intended for the assessment of individual structures, to decide on the need for structural intervention and to design the retrofitting measures that may be necessary. It is not intended for the vulnerability assessment of populations or groups of structures in seismic risk evaluations for various purposes (e.g. for determining insurance risk, for setting risk mitigation priorities, etc.). (5) This document provides (in its material-specific Clauses 8 to 11) criteria for the verification of the more common retrofitting techniques currently in use. (6) This document gives specific rules for the assessment and retrofitting relevant to existing buildings and bridges of consequence classes CC1, CC2 and CC3, as defined in EN 1990:2023, 4.3. (7) Although the provisions of this document are applicable to all common categories of buildings and bridges, the seismic assessment and retrofitting of monuments and heritage structures often requires different types of provisions and approaches, depending on the nature of the monuments and heritage structures. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1998-1-1 apply to this document. (2) The provisions of this document assume that the data collection and tests are performed by experienced personnel and that the engineer responsible for the assessment, the possible design of the retrofitting and the execution of work has appropriate experience of the type of structures being upgraded or repaired. (3) It is assumed that inspection procedures, checklists and other data-collection procedures will be documented and filed and referred to in the assessment/design documents.

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EN 1997-1:2024/prA1 New

Comment end date 2026-08-13

Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules

1.1 Scope of EN 1997 1 (1) This document provides general rules for the design and verification of geotechnical structures. (2) This document is applicable for the design and verification of geotechnical structures outside the scope of EN 1997 3. NOTE In this case, additional or amended provisions can be necessary. 1.2 Assumptions (1) In addition to the assumptions given in EN 1990, the provisions of EN 1997 (all parts) assume that: — ground investigations are planned by individuals or organisations with knowledge of potential ground and groundwater conditions; — ground investigations are executed by individuals with appropriate skills and experience; — the evaluation of test results and derivation of ground properties from the ground investigation are carried out by individuals with appropriate geotechnical experience and qualifications; — the data required for design are collected, recorded, and interpreted by appropriately qualified and experienced individuals; — geotechnical structures are designed and verified by individuals with appropriate qualifications and experience in geotechnical design; — adequate continuity and communication exist between the individuals involved in data collection, design, verification and execution. (2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, which establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness, and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, and other construction works. NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary for assessment of existing structures, see EN 1990 2. (3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997 2, which gives provisions for determining ground properties from ground investigations. (4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997 3, which gives specific rules for the design and verification of certain types of geotechnical structures. (5) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with other Eurocodes for the design of geotechnical structures, including temporary geotechnical structures.

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EN 1997-3:2025/prA1 New

Comment end date 2026-08-13

Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design - Part 3: Geotechnical structures

1.1 Scope of FprEN 1997-3 (1) This document provides specific rules to be applied in the design and verification of geotechnical structures. 1.2 Assumptions (1) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, which establishes principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, robustness, and durability of structures, including geotechnical structures, and other construction works. NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary for assessment of existing structures, see prEN 1990-2. (2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1, which provides general rules for the design and verification of geotechnical structures. (3) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-2, which gives provisions for determining ground properties from ground investigations. (4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the other Eurocodes for the design of geotechnical structures, including temporary geotechnical structures.

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EN 1997-2:2024/prA1 New

Comment end date 2026-08-13

Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design - Part 2: Ground properties

1.1 Scope of FprEN 1997-2 (1) This document provides rules for determining ground properties for the design and verification of geotechnical structures. (2) This document covers requirements and guidance for planning ground investigations, collecting information about ground properties and groundwater conditions, and preparation of the Ground Model. (3) This document covers requirements and guidance for the selection of field investigation and laboratory test methods to obtain derived values of ground properties. (4) This document covers requirements and guidance on the presentation of the results of ground investigation, including derived values of ground properties, in the Ground Investigation Report. 1.2 Assumptions (5) The provisions in FprEN 1997-2 are based on the assumptions given in EN 1990 and FprEN 1997-1. (6) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with FprEN 1997-1, which provides general rules for design and verification of all geotechnical structures. (7) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with prEN 1997-3, which provides specific rules for design and verification of certain types of geotechnical structures. (8) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with FprEN 1998-1-1 which provides the requirements for the ground properties needed to define the seismic action. (9) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with FprEN 1998-5 which provides rules for the design of geotechnical structures in seismic regions.

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